Saturday, 22 November 2014

NEURULATION - EMBRYOLOGY















The given illustration shows a dorsal view of a human embryo. In the embryo, neurulation is well underway, and several distinct somites are present on each side of the neural tube. The development of the embryo depicted in this illustration is typical of which of the following embryonic periods?
(A) Week 1
(B) Week 2
(C) Week 3
(D) Week 4
(E) Week 5

 The answer is D: Week 4.  
The illustration shows a dorsal view of a human embryo at approximately day 24 (during the 4th week) of development. 

Week 4 is characterized by most of neurulation, much of somite differentiation, the appearance of the pharyngeal (branchial) apparatus, and the appearance of the upper limb bud. 

Neurulation (the process of formation of the neural tube) begins late in week 3 with formation of the neural groove and neural folds.

 However, most of the process, including formation and completion of the neural tube, occursduring week 4

Likewise, segmentation of the paraxial mesoderm into somitomeres and somites begins late in week 3, with 4 to 7 somites formed at day 21. That number increases to 26 to 29 during week 4. Because somites appear at a very specific rate, their number can be used to determine the age of the embryo with great accuracy during weeks 3 to 5. 

This illustration shows nearly complete formation of the neural tube plus 17 defi ned somites, indicating the embryo is well into week 4. 

The pharyngeal arches and upper limb buds are not seen here, as they first appear later in the 4th week of embryonic development.

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